The Merchant of Venice Essay Essay Example

An Analysis of Data On Rape Crimes

An Analysis of Data On Rape Crimes Presentation I will remark on the estimation of information and feature points of interest and impediments of this information lastly and concoct proper business moves that could be made and empower Russex constabulary to help organize their work. Strategies for information assortment Official measurements are those distributed by the focal Government. This wellspring of factual data educates the overall population about the degree of notifiable offenses. Official insights are simple and modest to access as you can watch them on the Home Office site page. The second wellspring of measurable data originates from the British Crime Survey (BCS). These measurements are informal and the methods used to accumulate data are totally extraordinary to the first, as the factual information originates from reviews completed by the open themselves. The insights given depend on an enormous delegate test of the overall population about their encounters as survivors of family unit and individual wrongdoing. The BCS attempts to give a check of wrongdoing that comprises of scenes not answered to the police, in this way inspecting the dim figure of wrongdoing which isn't recorded in legitimate insights. The British Crime Survey (BCS) is a huge irregular overview of private family units, intended to give a tally of wrongdoing that incorporates episodes not answered to the police, or those answered to them yet not recorded. The primary BCS talk with happens vis-à-vis, with no sexual orientation coordinating of questioner and respondent. This setting isn't helpful for precisely estimating degrees of exceptionally close to home exploitation. Evaluations of the degree of sexual exploitation got by the principle BCS are recognized to be thinks little of Therefore, the review presently utilizes Computer Assisted Self-Interviewing (CASI), whereby respondents entered their reactions into a PC. This strategy gives respondents an expanded feeling of secrecy and limits questioner impacts. Respondents who addressed the self-culmination modules were steered through a progression of three screener questions, intended to distinguish whether they had been a casualty of a sexual offense. On the off chance that they reacted emphatically to at least one of these, they at that point addressed a progression of follow-up questions, intended to inspire the specific idea of the last occurrence experienced. Information as an administration apparatus Information assortment is viable on the grounds that you can't oversee what you don't quantify. Measurements from information empowers a police division to make keen decisions and helps them in conceivably distinguishing office and procedural issues. Information assortment is likewise an incredible signal to the network, demonstrating law implementation has the readiness to investigate forestall separation. It likewise shows a genuine duty by law requirement to address network concerns and needs. Information assortment gives everybody something to work with despite the fact that it may be only a halfway arrangement. With compulsory information assortment, officials will be compelled to consider what occurs during an experience and what they do and say and potentially what parts ought to be taken a gander at closer. Information assortment give a premise to significant approach changes. Measurable strategies Line Graph A line chart is generally helpful in showing information or data that changes ceaselessly after some time. The model underneath shows the Rape of a female from 1993-2005/06 A portion of the qualities of line diagrams are that: They are acceptable at demonstrating explicit estimations of information, implying that given one variable the other can without much of a stretch be resolved. They show drifts in information unmistakably, implying that they obviously show how one variable is influenced by the different as it increments or diminishes. They empower the watcher to make expectations about the consequences of information not yet recorded. Tragically, it is conceivable to change the manner in which a line diagram seems to make information look a specific way. This is finished by either not utilizing reliable scales on the tomahawks, implying that the incentive in the middle of each point along the pivot may not be the equivalent, or when contrasting two charts utilizing various scales for each. It is significant that we as a whole know about how charts can be made to look a specific way, when that probably won't be the manner in which the information truly is. Assault of a female Long-term national recorded wrongdoing pattern he pace of assaults on females during this period has significantly expanded (see above). Leah Williams from the Womens Resource Center expressed that there were 1,842 assaults announced in 1985, contrasted with 14,449 out of 2005. There might be a decent clarification for this pattern. Research by women's activist researchers Hanmer and Saunders (1984) refered to in Goodey (2005) found that ordinary truth of womens experiences of viciousness by men were not uncovered in the BCS on the grounds that the BCS isn't intended to uncover such data. Hence the quantity of assaults on females might not have expanded during this period, however the quantity of reports to the police has expanded. This recommends assaults which may have happened earlier 1995 are just being accounted for to the police in the most recent decade. This might be because of the social development of the police evolving. There are more female officials now than beforehand which makes assault casualties more ready to co nverse with female officials than male officials. Society has likewise changed so as to give more casualty backing to assault casualties by building up assault habitats for casualties. In any case, Hough (2004) expressed in the Guardian paper that the BCS shows that the significant sorts of wrongdoing have fallen drastically since 1995, in any case, recorded wrongdoing has expanded. This expansion is because of the adjustment in the manner by which police check wrongdoing. In 1998 it was concluded that casualty reports of violations will be recorded regardless of whether they are questioned. This might be an elective motivation to why there is an expansion in assault wrongdoings, as assault is difficult to record without adequate proof. Reservations over information How precise are the appraisals? Unreported assault may feel that the administration can't take care of business There are a few reasons why the BCS self-culmination modules are probably going to disparage the genuine degree of sexual exploitation in England and Wales for ladies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ general review mistakes related with reaction, testing and inclusion specifically, the BCS covers foundations, the destitute or ladies younger than 16, which rejects some high hazard ladies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ the wrongdoing setting of the BCS may prompt a few ladies not revealing episodes they don't see as criminal, especially where the culprit is known à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ the screener question arrangement will bar ladies who don't relate to the specific wording utilized in the inquiries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ the BCS meet isn't constantly led in private and the nearness of others in the room may hinder exposure, particularly if this incorporates the culprit of an assault. End activities and suggestions Sexual offense measurements could be improved by upgraded police techniques, and by having better offices to support a more noteworthy ability of casualties to approach. The sexual wrongdoing decrease group are focused on handling sexual offenses and to giving the correct help to casualties. Better offices have been presented through the presentation of 13 rape referral focus the nation over. The Government need to make these multi organization administrations for casualties accessible on a national premise, alongside an assault help line. Low revealing rates to the police especially happen in the zone of assault, where the respondent may think that its humiliating or hard to discuss the assault. Notwithstanding, this issue is attempting to be countered out. PC helped self-talk with structures have been presented for issues, for example, sexual assaults. Indeed, even such an extensive amount this zone of offenses is as yet missed as casualties should remain trying to claim ignorance, and keep the way that they have been a survivor of a rape inside their sub-cognizant, because of discovering it to agonizing to consider. Further pro preparing for sexual offense cases ought to be attempted by officials. Because of these administrations, casualties should feel increasingly sure from the beginning that their case is treated with demonstrable skill and compassion. Thusly, it will improve theirs and others trust in the criminal equity framework. At last, this upgraded approach should prompt all the more announcing, recording and in this way increasingly reasonable measurements. Offer tips for assault avoidance. More extensive utilization of assault facilities, and attention to these.

Fields Of Practice In Social Work Human Services Essay

Fields Of Practice In Social Work Human Services Essay Fields Of Practice In Social Work Human Services â€" Essay Example > Fields of practice in social work and human servicesSocial services are those services which are aimed at improving the standard of living of the people and providing the basic necessities of life. Social work has gone through tremendous changes in the last few decades. In this paper, we will analyse the concept of social and human services in the context of employment and disability as a client group. We will also overview some of the major changes in Australia which have impacted social services in the country. Social workSocial work is accepted to include an array of social welfare and community agencies and programs which are designated to provide opportunities to the disadvantaged sections of the population to enable them to develop into productive and self-reliant citizens. The idea of human services, similar to social services, has emerged as a profession with a laid down code of conduct for the social workers. There has been a steady growth in the number of courses in huma n services and in the number of people taking to social work as a profession. Contrary to historical practice when the ambit of social services was limited and welfare workers provided services to people who were sick, poor and destitute, the situation is more complex now. The ambit of social work is growing as social workers are venturing into new fields of practice which can be broadly classified into three major areas. The first area sees social work as an arm of the welfare state. This area includes fields of work like working with juvenile delinquents and adult criminals, working within correctional institutions; family welfare services; child protection and child adoption fields. Social workers are employed by the state and the parameters of their work are set by the state itself. The second area includes clinical social work, family therapy, marriage guidance, medical and psychiatric social work. Here the social workers interact directly with the clients with the primary ai m of enhancing social functioning and well-being of individuals and families. The third area of social work sees the profession as an instrument of promoting the well-being of people by building healthy, cohesive, and enabling communities and societies. This area includes fields of practice ranging from social policy formulation to community development, with the aim of building a better world. Most of the people working in this area are members of agencies of civil society and some of them even work for the state. Social work and disabilityDuring the last quarter of the last century, social work theory and practice in the field of disability has been greatly influenced by the values and philosophy of Independent living movement and individual dignity. There has been a shift in the nature of services provided by professionals to the disabled people. The practice has shifted from creation of clients dependent on services controlled by professionals, to working in partnership with d isabled people to secure their rights as equal citizens of the state (Woodward 2002). The disabled people have started asserting their right to equality and human dignity. They are now emphasising the creation of personalized relationships based on mutual respect between service providers and receivers.

Essay - 656 Words

Source 7 is an extract from Servini’s book ‘Henry VIII: The Reformation’ published in 1994 where the action of process of reforms was established to Protestant churches and many other institutions, bringing new practices in which displays Henry’s ideology and practicality that was also crucial to highlight Cromwell’s performance which is stated as â€Å"personal influence of the King†. This suggest that the King Henry strongly supported and valued Cromwell. This great respect from Henry came from his ability to carry out his responsibilities and duties in which Cardinal Wolsey had failed to achieve such as the divorce with Catherine of Aragon. Servini’s view shows his view is from the reference to the appeals such as 1533, Acts of Restraint in†¦show more content†¦This further shows Anne influence of Anne as Henry’s great love and affection was with so much abundance that quickened the ‘’necessary divorceâ⠂¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. This follows on to source 9 which is a contemporary source, written to Charles V by the Imperial ambassador Eustrace Chapuy in 1533 suggests that also along with Anne Boleyn’s influence and the kings forthcoming marriage to Anne Boleyn, Cranmer had also had a role of influence which Henry had promoted Cranmer to ‘’Archbishopric of Canterbury’’ which is stated in source 9 that allowed him to commission and grant the annulment with Catherine of Aragon. In conclusion, even though Cromwell was influential and had many connections to the Break with Rome shown in sources 7 and 8 due to Cromwell’s ‘’ personal influence’’ on the king by the indulgence and dispensation of legislature of cutting payments from Rome, but the key driving force to settle the score to break with Rome was Anne Boleyn’s influence over the kings Protestant beliefs and devotion of love for her and their unborn child pushed Henry to break with Rome so that they can fulfil their vows and get married and can have the legitimate son and heir to the throne Henry had so long wished for all these years. Not only the pregnancy Anne had stimulated and aroused Henry with the desire to have power of the Church and only Henry deserved that power in religion in England in which Henry is toShow MoreRelatedWhat Is an Essay?1440 Words   |  6 PagesBuscemi Essay #3 Rough Draft An essay is a creative written piece in which the author uses different styles such as diction, tone, pathos, ethos or logos to communicate a message to the reader using either a personal experience, filled with morals and parables, or a informative text filled with educational terms. Educational terms could mean the usage of complicated and elevated words or simply information you would get in schools. Some authors, such as Cynthia Ozick, claim that an essay has noRead Morenarrative essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesNarrative Essay A Brief Guide to Writing Narrative Essays Narrative writing tells a story. 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The Effects Of Caffeine On Oxidative Stress - 1460 Words

In the present study, the MDA level was measured as an index of lipid peroxidation in order to observe the effect of caffeine on the oxidative stress induced by AlCl3 in cortex, hippocampus and striatum brain areas. Brain tissues are more vulnerable to oxidative stress other than tissues for many reasons such as high oxygen consumption (more than 20% of the total inspired oxygen), the presence of abundant amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids which are susceptible to free radicals attack, low antioxidant levels, high iron content in addition to the non-regenerative nature of neurons (Nehru and Anand, 2005; Kim et al., 2015). All these reasons may explain why brain is more susceptible to aluminum toxicity than other organs. In the present†¦show more content†¦The present results showed that daily protection with caffeine attenuated the increase in MDA levels in AlCl3-intoxicated rats. Supporting the present finding, previous studies have revealed the antioxidant potential of caffeine against lipid peroxidation in various animal models of neurologic diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (Prasanthi et al., 2010), epilepsy (Souza et al., 2013) and Parkinsons disease (Khadrawy et al., 2017). It has been demonstrated that caffeine has the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (Devasagayam et al., 1996) and modulated the brain antioxidant system through increasing the content of GSH and activities of antioxidant enzymes like glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase (Abreu et al., 2011). Generally, the antioxidant capacity of caffeine was similar to that of the established biological antioxidant GSH and significantly higher than ascorbic acid (Devasagayam et al., 1996). Accordingly, this may explain the ability of caffeine to attenuate lipid peroxidation induced by AlCl3 in the current study via direct scavenging of reactive oxygen species or by increasing GSH content and antioxidant enzymes activities. The present data revealed that daily oral administration of AlCl3 resulted in a significant increase in NO levels in the cortex, hippocampus and striatum. NO is the smallest signalling molecule withinShow MoreRelatedThe Depletion Of The Rat Model Of Monoamine1295 Words   |  6 PagesIn the present study, the rat model of depression induced by reserpine was used to evaluate whether caffeine could treat depression or exaggerate it. The present data revealed that the daily reserpine treatment for 30 days induced a significant decrease in the cortical and hippocampal serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine levels. In addition, a decrease in the motor activity was observed. This was indicated from the data of the open field test that exhibited a significant decrease in the numberRead MoreThe Effects Of Caffeine On Children s Performance On Attention And Working Memory1115 Words   |  5 Pagesattention and working memory (Jones, 2008). Neuropsychological studies on caffeine report increased arousal, alertness, increased energy and concentration (Smith, 2002; Ruxton, 2008; Brunye ´ et al., 2010) even at doses as low as 50 mg, which is comparable to the amount of caffeine in a cup of tea. It has been indicated that even in low doses caffeine improves performance on attention tasks (Brunye ´ et al., 2010a). However, caffeine intake has also been associated with anxiety, nervousness, irritabilityRead MoreAlzheime r s Disease ( Ad )1172 Words   |  5 Pagesdesigned their study to explore the effects of caffeine intake on the expression of these proteins in rats induced with AD. Caffeine is hypothesized to have a protective effect against AD for a multitude of reasons. It is believed that caffeine has the potential to reduce amyloid beta accumulation because it is associated with reduced oxidative stress. It could also reduce the effects of the inflammatory response which is a well-known trademark of AD. Lastly, caffeine has been identified to have a roleRead MoreAttenuation Effect Of Single And Combined Treatment With Caffeine And Nifedipine1479 Words   |  6 PagesAttenuation effect of caffein and/or nifedipine against selenite-induced cataractogenesis Abstract Objectives: The current study was performed to investigate the anti-cataractogenic effect of single and combined treatment with caffeine and nifedipine in sodium selenite induced cataract. Methods: Seventy five healthy albino Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups; the first group received intraperitoneal injection of saline and served as control, 2nd group received a single subcutaneous injectionRead MoreCoffee Consumption : The Health Benefits1831 Words   |  8 Pagesbeverage [1]. I really did not have much background information prior on coffee, just that I need three cups a day to even function. This is because coffee is the richest source of caffeine for Americans, accounting for 71% of caffeine intake [2]. Eight ounces of coffee typically contains between 95 to 200 mg of caffeine [2]. Drinking so much coffee for about seven years of my life really got me thinking, what was I actually consuming? What are health the health benefits? Rubiaceae and Genera CoffeaRead MoreReverse Transcriptase Polmerase Chain, Reaction is an Essential Tool in Molecular Biology1553 Words   |  6 Pagesof the brain. Studies have even shown that caffeine, a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist, can have an impact on the regulation of the adenosine A1 receptor. Particularly, caffeine administration in rats decreased the number of adenosine A1 receptors in maternal and fetal rat brain tissue, which was related to an increase in mRNA levels (Porcià ºncula 598). Additionally, the positive effects of chronic coffee intake, such as the beneficial effects against memory decline in brain disordersRead MoreSocial And Social Support And Spirituality1590 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the majority of her family’s bills and her estranged spouse provides minimally for the family. Palta, Financial strain is associated with increased oxidative stress levels: The Women s Health and Aging Studies, p. 533) suggests that â€Å"High financi al strain may be associated with increased oxidative stress, suggesting that oxidative stress could mediate associations between financial strain and poor health.† It is apparent that M.L. is distressed by her financial strains and this could be negativelyRead MoreAntioxidants1223 Words   |  5 Pagesare antioxidants? A. Definition of Antioxidants B. Classification Antioxidants i. Micronutrients ii. Polyphenols III. What is coffee? A. Definition of coffee B. Antioxidants present in coffee IV. Effects of Antioxidants in coffee to the body. V. Summary and Discussion Antioxidants in coffee I. Introduction From this research paper, you would know how antioxidants can do to our body and where can we get most of it. EverydayRead MoreThe Effect Of Cocoa Powder, White Chocolate And Dark Chocolate On Oxidative Stress And Lipid Profile On Hypercholesterolemic Rats1953 Words   |  8 PagesThe Effect of Cocoa Powder, White Chocolate and Dark Chocolate on Oxidative Stress and Lipid Profile on Hypercholesterolemic Rats FadlAlla, Eman Aly Sadeek1, Saffa Moustapha Abd El Fatah Faid2 1Department of Biochemistry NutritionWomen s College , Ain Shams University, Egypt. 2 Home Economics Dept. Faculty of specific Education, Ain Shams University, Egypt. dr_emansaddeek@yahoo.com Abstract: Aim of the work: Assessing the effect of cocoa powder, white chocolate and dark chocolate on oxidativeRead MoreOsteoporosis Is An Age Related Disease Of The Skeletal System1493 Words   |  6 Pagesosteoporosis should increase their intake of calcium from the recommended daily amount. Phosphorus is also important in the diet, but should be taken in consideration with calcium intake, where higher phosphorus levels than calcium can have negative effects on bone health. However, when taken at sufficient levels, with calcium, phosphorus can increase bone density. A diet that lacks phosphorus can â€Å"limit osteoblast function and enhance osteoclastic resorption†.(AJCN) Vitamin D and calcium ha a correlation

James Joyce. Araby Free Essays

1. In Joyce’s short story, the young narrator views Araby as a symbol of the mysteriousness and seduction of the Middle East. When he crosses the river to attend the bazaar and purchase a gift for the girl, it is as if he is crossing into a foreign land. We will write a custom essay sample on James Joyce. Araby or any similar topic only for you Order Now But his trip to the bazaar disappoints and disillusions him, awakening him to the rigid reality of life around him. The boy’s dream to buy some little thing on bazaar is roughly divided on the callousness of adults who have forgotten about his request. And Dublin bazaar with alluring oriental-sounding name â€Å"Arabia† is a pathetic parody of the real holiday. 2. Although James Joyce’s story â€Å"Araby† is told from the first person viewpoint of its young protagonist, we do not think that a boy tells the story. Instead, the narrator seems to be a man matured well beyond the experience of the story. The mature man reminisces about his youthful hopes, desires, and frustrations. Because of the double focused narration of the story, first by the boy’s experience, then by a mature experienced man, the story gives a wider portrait to using sophisticated irony and symbolic imagery necessary to analyze the boy’s character. 3. Mangan’s sister is the other central character in the story. The narrator shows us in ironic manner that in his youthful adoration of Mangan’s sister she is the embodiment of all his boyish dreams of the beauty, of physical desire and, at the same time, the embodiment of his adoration of all that is holy. Her image, constantly with him, makes him feel as though he bears a holy â€Å"chalice† through a â€Å"crowd of foes†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the Saturday evening throng of drunken men, bargaining women, cursing laborers, and all the others who have no conception of the mystical beauty his young mind has created in this world of material ugliness. 4. Joyce very clearly defined his creative task in the â€Å"Dubliners†: â€Å"My intention was to write a chapter of the spiritual history of my country, and I chose the scene of Dublin, because this city is the center of paralysis â€Å". The opening paragraph, setting the scene prepares us for the view we receive of the conflict between the loveliness of the ideal and the drabness of the actual. Long monotonous periods, the rhythm and the threefold repetition of the word â€Å"blind† in the sense of impasse and blind create comic discrepancy between the title of the story and its beginning. 5. James Joyce uses dark and gloomy references to create the exact mood or atmosphere. Dark time of day (night) is used throughout the story and darkness is the prevailing theme. Joyce writes repetitively of the dark as a direct representation of the boy’s life. The boy plays in the dark, he hides in the dark, and he lives in the dark. The darkness is where he comes to an epiphany, and where he matures as a boy. The narrator’s perception of the darkness causes him to reflect on his own isolation and loneliness. The nameless boy’s destiny is in the darkness of Dublin, and Joyce knows there is no escaping this. In the end of the story, the boy suddenly awakens to the bleakness of the humdrum life around him. How to cite James Joyce. Araby, Essay examples

Why does conflict occur in the employment relationship

Introduction Work is basic to the individual condition. It establishes what we accomplish during much of our active lives. It encourages human interaction and it enables people to establish their sense of uniqueness.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why does conflict occur in the employment relationship? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It enables people to fulfill their material needs and to benefit from modern inventions and achievements of civilization. â€Å"Our views towards work and its management have undergone significant changes over the past couple of decades, with much of it being the product of national contexts being increasingly subject to global economic influences† (Abbott 2006, p. 187). As a result, Administrators should try to devise better organizational strategies that can enable them to deal with workers efficiently. This paper examines causes of conflict in employment relationship with specific reference to Wal-Mart Company. One of the evident challenges in many organizations and companies is the occurrence of disagreements among employees and their managers. Workers can settle disputes that strain their relationships through various mechanisms. Generally, â€Å"most squabbles in organizations often revolve around issues related to wage demands, terms of service, administrative strategies, and company goals† (Dunlop 2008, p. 276). In broad terms, â€Å"employment relationship is concerned with the theory and practice associated with the management and regulation of the employment relationship† (Dundon 2007, p. 234). Specifically, it deals with social and sometimes political aspects of the workers association and the sharing of authority between the administration and workers. It is also concerned with the occurrence and expression of disputes and the legal and social regulatory structure in which workers relationships exist. Employment relationship is a modern expression that defines industrial relations. Industrial relations generally refer to the upholding of the association that exists between labor organizations and administration, and related processes that encompass collective bargaining, dialogue and discussion and industrial dispute (Daniels 2006, p. 24). The application of the expression ‘employment relations’, instead of industrial relations indicates the socio-economic and legal progress made in the employment relationship that have been witnessed over the past few decades (Stone 2005, p. 124). Disputes usually arise in employment relationship due to the absence of consultation by administrators with their laborers.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, workers can frustrate the restructuring plans of a company if they are not involved in making such decisions. â€Å"Since participation is often concerned with negotiation, conflict may occur between employees and management, particularly, where employees participate in higher-level decisions and differing interests are most likely to be visible† (Stone 2005, p. 127). Wal-Mart is a leading retail chain in the United States of America. Founded in 1962, the company has since doubled its fortunes to become the dominant player in North America’s retail industry. Wal-Mart has since opened 3,800 stores in America and 2,800 stores across the globe. In 2010, the company hosted over 2.1 million workers in America and other parts of the world. Notwithstanding its financial fortunes, Wal-Mart has faced serious challenges in managing its multicultural and large labor force. It has not been able to provide a work environment that meets the expectation of its workers and the public. Wal-Mart’s failure to manage its human resources appropriately has had negative effects on its reputation and financial performan ce. Thus, there is a need to make changes in the company’s human resources management system. Application of Theories in Analyzing Workplace Relationship A number of theories can aid the analysis of the causes of conflict in employment relationship. The Unitarism theory begins from a number of suppositions and values which states that employment dispute is a preventable feature of interactions between administrators and workers. Disputes in the work environment may occasionally occur between these two parties, and they are an irregularity in a relationship, which is intrinsically likely to be helpful. â€Å"Those holding this perspective perceive managers and employees as having a common interest in the survival of their organizations, such that when conflicts occur it is unlikely to manifest itself to a point that will render the firm insolvent† (Fox 2006, p. 56). Personality challenges, unsuitable staffing, and promotion activities, usually cause separations and lack of unity in an organization. A rational administrative team should eliminate potential causes of disputes that may interfere with the normal operations of an organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why does conflict occur in the employment relationship? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In other words, the management team should execute impartially and equitably staffing and promotion activities. Administrators should establish proper communication channels and alert workers about the core interests of the organization. Human relations theory that is guided by unitarism will form the basis of analyzing the employment conflict at Wal-Mart. Human relations theory states that minimizing workplace disputes depends on the capacity of workers to gain self-satisfaction in the organization. In this case, employees are a distinct entity from other materials applied in the production (Legge 1995, p. 345). Thus, â₠¬Å"if workers are denied autonomy on the job, or are reduced to acting as mere extensions of the machinery they operate, it is argued that they will invariably find ways to subvert the methods of control that enforce these conditions† (Gennard 2002, p. 202). The most important job of administrators is to influence industrial relations to make workers feel comfortable in serving in an organization. In addition, workers should contribute on matters related to the management of the organization (Beardwell Holden 1994, p. 456). The management should also enhance the workers’ skills so that they can have a better capacity to dispense their services to the organization. In whatever form, â€Å"the aim of this managerial approach to employee relations is one that seeks to reduce internal tensions by developing the sense of workplace satisfaction† (Gardner 1997, p. 94). The amount of wage compensation is one of the possible causes of strained relationships between worke rs and their managers. Wage disagreements often arise when workers increasingly find it hard to convince their managers to improve their salaries (Blyton Turnball 1998, p.156). For instance, the global financial crisis has pervaded many labor markets and the wage earners have been one of the key victims of its pernicious effects. In response to this crisis, many wage earners have tried to ameliorate their financial status by prodding for better wages from their employers. However, many employers often respond harshly to their employee’s demands for better wages. The endless bickering of Wal-Mart employees over meager wages exemplifies this problem. The Wal-Mart wage earners not only complain about skimpy remuneration, but they also lament about income discrepancy in the company. There is a huge difference between the salaries of the top management employees and the junior employees. Besides, junior employees’ wages are below the average industry rates. Thus, the manag ement of this company needs to change the compensation structure in order to improve employee satisfaction and productivity.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Poor terms of service can spark-off conflicts, which can impede cordial employment relationship (Lewis Thornhill, p. 25). Disputes concerning terms of service revolve around work schedules, retirement funds, promotion, and safety in the work environment. â€Å"Employers need to monitor physical working conditions and provide adequate protective clothing and equipment, first aid facilities, quality working equipment and amenities such as lunch rooms, change rooms and toilet facilities† (Salomon 2001, p. 57). At Wal-Mart, the level of employee dissatisfaction is also very high. Employees are not happy with the terms and conditions of their work. The workers have since accused Wal-Mart of providing inadequate medical cover, and refusing to pay for extra work hours. Therefore, it is necessary for Wal-Mart management to change the terms and conditions of employees’ contracts. Finally, Wal-Mart is experiencing a very high turnover, especially, among the junior employees bec ause they find the terms of service at the company intolerable. Wal-Mart should reorganize and improve its retention program immediately to motivate the workers. Labor organizations, Christian associations, and the nongovernmental organizations have often made serious protests in response to the poor terms of service that employees at various outlets of Wal-Mart are facing. Notably, trade unions are against the anti-union policy that the company uses to wall-off its workers from accessing the benefits of unionization. The management of this company has put many obstacles that bar employees from seeking union membership. For instance, â€Å"Wal-Mart rejected the Employee Free Choice Act (EFCA), that would make it easier for workers to unionize by removing the employer’s ability to demand a secret ballot in union elections, and which would require mandatory arbitration of labor disputes† (Zimmerman, A Maher, K 2008). Wal-Mart imposed serious penalties on its employees s eeking unionization. For example, Wal-Mart more often than not penalizes its employees that report violation of their labor prerogatives. Wal-Mart managers either dismiss antagonistic workers unethically or relegate them to secondary roles in the company so that their experiences can dissuade others from demanding for better terms. Wal-Mart managers also use such penalties to muzzle the workers; hence, they cannot share their work related problems with the media. In 2005, Wal-Mart faced two serious protests by consumer associations in the USA, which expressed their great disappointment due to the failure of the company to sort out its labor disputes amicably. In addition, the Norwegians government barred Wal-Mart in 2006 from participating in their savings scheme of the Retirement Fund since a social audit that was conducted to evaluate its labor practices revealed that it was violating the stipulated labor codes in many counties in which it operates. Some time ago, Wal-Mart was sub jecting its workers to long-night shifts without giving them commensurate compensation. Some workers also complained that they locked inside their workstations at night so that they could do more work. The high levels of investment returns that Wal-Mart has registered over the past few years, shows that it is engaging in industrial relations malpractices. In 2007, Wal-Mart’s female workers sought legal action to end the prevalence of gender discrimination that meted against them, especially, on payment and promotion matters. Since the retail industry is labor intensive, the employees play a critical role in achieving the goals and objectives of retail companies. The implication of this fact is that Wal-Mart’s failure to implement the above changes is likely to result into the following consequences. First, high levels of employee dissatisfaction will result into low productivity due lack of motivation. Second, Wal-Mart is likely to lose its talented employees due to hi gh turnover (Andreeva 2006, pp. 141-150). Employees who are aware of their worth are likely to move to other firms if their expectations cannot be met at Wal-Mart. As Wal-Mart loses its talented employees to competitors, its competitiveness will also reduce. Wal-Mart is currently facing dozens of lawsuits for failing to provide acceptable work environment. Such lawsuits are associated with compensations, which will cost the firm millions of dollars. Finally, cases of fraud will increase due to poor employee compensations. Studies reveal that employees tend to embezzle funds if their wages are insufficient. Wal-Mart can circumvent these consequences by implementing changes in the compensation structure, retention program, and work conditions. In 2011, â€Å"Wal-Mart sub-contractors, Impact Logistics and Premiere Warehousing Ventures, which were employed through Schneider Logistics warehouses in Mira Loma, California, were fined by the California State Labor Department for disregardi ng federal and state wage laws† (California Department of Labor Relations, 2011). Wal-Mart’s management should first plan for its human resources and then attract or recruit the right employees. Human resources planning refer to â€Å"a process of identifying current and future human resources needs for an organization to achieve its goals† (Stefanescu 2011, pp. 104-107). This process involves identifying the optimal number of employees, the needed competencies, and the timeline in acquiring the needed human resources. Effective human resource planning will enable Wal-Mart to employ only the number of workers that it can afford to compensate at the prevailing industry wage rate. Hence, the problem of dissatisfaction attributed to poor pay will reduce. Wal-Mart should focus on both internal and external recruitment strategies. Internal recruitment involves giving existing employees an opportunity to fill existing vacancies. On the other hand, external recruitment involves hiring workers from outside the company. Internal recruitment will help in reducing employee dissatisfaction in the following ways. First, it will give the employees an opportunity to develop their careers through promotion (Abe 2007, pp. 567-570). Second, promoting employees is a way of recognizing their capabilities. Employees are likely to be highly motivated if their efforts are recognized and rewarded accordingly. External recruiting gives the company an opportunity to hire people with fresh ideas, which will be instrumental in implementing acceptable labor practices in the future. Developing a Quality Workforce Employee development is a mutual and continuous process in which the employee and the managers work together to improve the employee’s knowledge, skills, as well as, ability. It helps in improving employee satisfaction by enhancing high motivation levels. High levels of satisfaction will result into financial gains through high productivity. Thus, Wal-Ma rt will have enough funds to offer attractive compensation packages. Employee development will also help in reducing turnover by enabling employees to improve their skills through training. Introducing appropriate on-the-job training programs will help Wal-Mart to improve the knowledge, skills, and abilities of its employees. An effective performance appraisal procedure will be required to aid employee development. Performance appraisal involves the analysis of the successes and failures of an employee. This process helps in determining the training needs of individual employees, and the criteria for rewarding top performers. A fair performance appraisal system is, therefore, an essential tool for enhancing satisfaction among employees and reducing turnover. Employee orientation is also important in retaining employees. In this regard, Wal-Mart should provide its newly hired employees with information about its policies, goals, procedures, and organizational culture. Turnover is lik ely to reduce if employees are fully aware of the goals of the organization, as well as, the terms and conditions of their contracts. Maintaining a Quality Workforce Wal-Mart can retain its valued employees through the following strategies. First, it should rework its compensation and benefit structure. Employees’ salaries should reflect their efforts, and be comparable to the prevailing industry salaries. Performance and competence is one the feasible mechanisms for setting wages that this company can adopt. The company must provide incentives such as medical cover, compensation for overtime hours, and retirement benefits. The company must adhere to the labor laws when giving such incentives. Wal-Mart can realize employee retention and turnover reduction by engaging the employees in making decisions. Workers will be more committed if they are allowed to contribute ideas and suggestions that inform management decisions. This gives employees a sense of belonging, and reduces t heir chances of leaving the company. Introducing reward programs and reinforcing appropriate behavior will also help in retaining the employees. Employees have a basic need to feel appreciated. Thus, recognizing their efforts and rewarding them through incentive programs such as bonuses make them more satisfied with their jobs. Finally, Wal-Mart can implement the intended changes through labor-management relations. Labor-management relation is concerned with recognizing the rights of all parties in an organization or an employment contract. In this context, Wal-Mart should recognize and respect employees’ right to fair compensation, acceptable work conditions, and career development (Sparrow 2000, pp. 213-218). Conclusion The inevitability of disputes in an organization is a view that is widely held by pluralists. It can assist in making recommendations that can be used to end the strained industrial relations experienced at Wal-Mart. â€Å"By recognizing the inevitability o f workplace conflict, those holding this perspective tend to regard conflict as necessary for the health of an enterprise as it serves to bring grievances held by workers to the surface† (Leat 2006, p. 68). Therefore, managers should take the occurrence of disputes at Wal-Mart positively, and they should use it as an opportunity to search for innovative mechanisms for dealing with it in a manner that will provide the best outcomes. Recognition of the existence of various sources of power, especially, from shop stewards can enable Wal-Mart to handle industrial relations disagreements collectively. In this regard, â€Å"it will not only minimize the level of workplace conflict, but it will also encourage fairer outcomes by enabling employees to organize and counter-balance the power of managers when negotiating workplace contracts† (Rose 2008, p. 87). It is against this background that Wal-Mart should recognize the lawful prerogative of workers to negotiate jointly and la bor organizations to serve at this level on their behalf. Addressing these challenges necessitates changes in the company’s compensation and benefits structure, employee retention programs, and work conditions (Guest, Peccei Thomas 1993, p. 194). Failure to implement these changes will lead to adverse effects on the competitiveness of the firm. Wal-Mart should formulate and implement these changes through appropriate methods of attracting, developing, and retaining employees. 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Sparrow, P 2000, ‘New employee behaviours, work designs and forms of work organisation: what is in store for the future of work?’, Journal of Manegerial Psychology, vol. 4 no.1, pp. 202-218. Stefanescu, F 2011, ‘The Human Resource Management in the Context of Economic Crisis’, Romanian Economic Bussiness Review, vol. 6 no.1, pp.104-117. Stone, R 2005, Human Resource Management, Wiley Son: Milton. Zimmerman, A Maher, K 2008, Wal-Mart Warns of Democratic Win, viewed on https://www.wsj.com/a rticles/SB121755649066303381 This essay on Why does conflict occur in the employment relationship? was written and submitted by user Camren D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.